Has an MLB game ever ended 17-10?
Yes. MLB has seen a final score of 17-10 20 times. It first happened on May 25, 1878, when Boston Red Caps beat Providence Grays, and most recently on May 11, 2003, when Texas Rangers beat Cleveland Indians.
That makes 17-10 the 173rd most common final score out of 330 that have ever occurred in MLB. One point away, 18-10 has happened 15 times and 17-11 has happened 20 times. At one point the score disappeared for 38 years, between 1949 and 1987.